Koichiro Shigaki
Senior Assistant Professor
Department of Media and Communications, Faculty of Sociology, Toyo University
Prior to the current position, I taught English at Kitasato University for a year. Before that, I was an assistant professor at the International Institute of American Studies, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
My research interests have dealt with media history in the U.S. non-profit broadcasting sector (especially in contrast to Japan’s public broadcasting). Through joining different research projects, my research focus has expanded to journalism/media ethics and law/Broadcatsing media policy-history/American studies.
I have also worked in language education for about five years, studying ESL teaching/learning methods. I attempted to apply the knowledge I gained from that, tailoring it to the Japanese university system while working on my personal research about media studies.
For my teaching career, I have coached children in film editing in the U.S. and mentored international graduate students in Japan. In addition, I taught the English language at Aomori Ko-Ritsu University, Doshisha University, and Kitasato University in Japan. Now, I am teaching media studies/communication studies/journalism studies, and media production at Toyo University.
Before pursuing an academic career, I have worked as a production assistant/intern for Link TV San Francisco while completing a bachelor’s degree in Television and Radio at San Francisco State University. This was followed by doctoral and post-doctoral work in Media Studies from Tohoku University in Japan. While attending the graduate program, I had studied and researched at Temple University, then at Harvard’s Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Studies during my post-doc years at Tohoku University.
Besides residing in the U.S. for study, I lived in Puerto Rico for five years in my youth and studied abroad in Mexico during high school, gaining conversational ability in Spanish and fluency in English.
I love photography and drawing. I like to spend my time on creative works. I used to dance every day in my youth and was fascinated by so-called street cultures, including hip hop, which led me to go to the U.S. in my 20’s. I want to keep dancing while managing busy work schedules.
All my past experiences shaped who I am today. I want to apply values of diversity and respect, which I learned through studying and working overseas, to both personal and professional spheres through giving back to a community to which I wish to belong.
Curriculum Vitae
Education
Tohoku University
2011/4-2014/3
Graduate School of Information Sciences: “A history of non-profit media in the U.S.:Re-examining the formation of American public broadcasting” Doctoral Dissertation.
Tohoku University
2009/4 – 2011/3
Graduate School of Information Sciences
Temple University, Philadelphia PA
2011/9 – 2012/5
Tohoku University – Temple University visiting scholar exchange program
Attended September 2011 – May 2012
Tohoku U. PFFP
2012/10 – 2013/3
Tohoku University Preparing Future Faculty Program
Including University of California, Berkeley, Graduate Student Instructor Teaching & Resource Center, Workshop for Learning and Teaching, February 2013 – March 2013
San Francisco State University, College of Creative Arts
2006/1 – 2008/1
Radio, Television, and Digital Communication
City College of San Francisco
2003/8 – 2005/12
Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies and Humanities
Grays Harbor College
2003/4-2003/6
General Education
Sendai Daiichi High School
2003/3
Work Experience
- 2007/6 – 2008/8
LinkTV Global Pulse San Francisco
Production Assistant/Intern
Program Assistant for news gathering. Logging news from other countries and translating news in Japanese for the producers. Assisting in other tasks when necessary. Conducting quick research for news program. Making a Japanese version of a “Global Pulse” program episode or trial. Promoting LinkTV “Global Pulse” episodes through social networking services.
- 2007/8 – 2008/2
BayKids (San Francisco, California)
Intern
Fall Internship program. Assisting various kinds of assignment such as editing, dubbing, logging, and filming to help children at hospital to make short films as a part of their creative activities. Assisting office work.
- 2008/4 – 2008/6
Sherman Elementary School (San Francisco, California)
After School Program Teacher
- 2009 – 2011
Temporary employments, various employers, Sendai
Working in several part-time jobs including a teaching and managing job at a language school in Sendai, video editing jobs, and other office related jobs.
- 2014/4 – 2016/3
Post doctoral fellow researcher, Tohoku University
Assisting graduate students and mentoring international students while continuing my own studies about media’s role in a society with diverse cultures as a post-doctoral fellow researcher at the Graduate School of Information Sciences.
- 2015/4 – 2016/3
Aomori Public University
Part Time Lecturer
Teaching ESL class for Japanese Students: Business English/Advanced Business English: Using 6 mini iPads at a regular class-room/integrated communicative class
- 2016/4 – 2020/3
International Institute of American Studies, Doshisha University
Assistant Professor
Hosting outreach programs such as public lectures, conferences, and symposia. Supporting all research inquiries regarding American Studies. Coordinating research projects concerning America among the various faculties. Conducting an collaborative study with international scholars from wide range of disciplines. Conducting research. Teaching undergraduate students who are interested in American Studies.
- 2020/4 – 2021/3
Kitasato University
Lecturer/Senior Assistant Professor
Teaching English classes for medical/medicine/veterinary Science/rehabilitation/ students.
Language Skills
Japanese
100
%
English
93
%
Japanglish
95
%
Spanish
25
%
Farsi/Persian
15
%
Academic Work
Books
松浦さと子編『日本のコミュニティ放送−理想と現実の間で−』ISBN-10:4771028842
担当部分:第9章「大学が関わるコミュニティ放送」pp.119-131
共著者: 松浦さと子、中村英樹、金山智子、宮田尚子、畑中哲雄、北郷裕美、寺田征也、稲垣曉、担当志柿浩一郎、小川明子、林怡蓉、橋爪明日香、日比野純一、三谷はるよ
大学が関わるコミュニティ放送に焦点を当て、大学、地域、放送の連携について考察した。また、アメリカの事例とも比較しながら、地域の情報発信に大学が関わる意義と今後のその可能性を探った。
坂田邦子・三村泰一編『被災地から考える3.11とテレビ』ISBN-10:4805673303
担当部分:第4章「震災と報道をめぐるディスコース」pp.199-233
共著者:櫻井みや子、佐々木加奈子、三村泰一、曹君、崔欣楚、フローリアン・マイスナー、志柿浩一郎、坂田邦子
メディア関連の専門誌で論じられていることを中心に震災とメディアに関してこれまでに何が語られて来たのかを辿った。また、これらディスコースを踏まえた上で、今後のメディア・スタディーズのあり方を検討した。
志柿浩一郎『アメリカ公共放送の歴史: 多様性社会における人知の共有を目指して』ISBN-4750350907
アメリカには自治体や教育委員会、大学などが運営する数多くの非営利放送局があり、草の根的に公共放送を発展させてきた歴史がある。その背景に何があるのか、アメリカの公共放送の歴史背景をたどった。
Papers
The purpose of this paper is to understand the emergence of non-profit public (educational) broadcasting and the development of American media industries today from a different perspective than one centered on the commercial side of broadcasting. This study analyzes U.S. media history, especially the broadcasting history from the 1920s to the 1940s, focusing on the discussions of the key issues in forming the concept of “public interest”; that, in turn, built the foundation for public broadcasting development after 1967 and of course American media industries today. In the early 20th century, when the idea of “broadcasting” was formulated over the radio wireless experiment, everyone could broadcast over the radio. However, as the radio wave was a scarce resource and radio communications easily interfered with each other, the federal government limited the number of potential broadcasters by implementing strong regulations and awarding licenses. For the majority of broadcasters, capital was required for maintaining a broadcasting facility and they needed to create a sustainable business model. Meanwhile, public universities took an important role in developing educative broadcasting programing, and formed the foundation for public (educational) broadcasting in the 1920s. The idea of educational broadcasting is not exclusive to the U.S. However, it must be noted that American educational broadcasting developed uniquely after World War II, shaping the dynamics of non-profit media in the U.S., and changing the landscape of the American media industries. There, commercial industries expanded on the basis of the ideology of the free market economy while the idea on creating the educational or public broadcasting expanded on the basis of the ideology of free expression. The ideal of access to radio wave frequencies and free distribution of knowledge have been the important issues in the discussions of the role of broadcasting for long time in the United States. There, the balance between regulations and free access to broadcasting facilities became the key issues. Especially, the ownerships, the right of broadcasting over radio frequencies and the role of broadcasting became major themes for a long discussion. The long history of discussion on these key issues led to creating a decentralized public broadcasting system in the United States. Later, broadcasting frequencies opened for many outlets with the inventions of cable channels in the 1980s; public access channels and community media were established along with existing public broadcasting system and commercial broadcasting. This may be the key to understand the uniqueness of the U.S. media beyond commercialism. American broadcasting has evolved as a means of communication, to share one another’s knowledge and experience in a society where it is difficult to build a collective identity. Broadcasting in the United States began in this way, with educational activities in which everyone shared their knowledge. Such beliefs have built the foundation of American public broadcasting and as a result, this had a great influence on discussions on the entire American broadcast media, including commercial broadcasting.
This paper sheds light on Lar “America First” Daly’s fairness concept that led to the Lar Daly decision and the congressional discussion on the provision of Equal Time Rules after the Lar Daly decision in 1959 while re-examining the history of the fairness doctrine and its implications for the debates of fairness on political broadcast in Japan today. This study especially evaluates(1)the Lar Daly decision in 1959, which changed the course of public discussions on fairness and political broadcasting, (2)the congressional debate on the provision of Equal Time Rules after the Lar Daly decision,(3)the Equal Time Rule provision after the congressional debate while revisiting entire history of the fairness doctrine in the U.S. This study uses primary sources such as a report of hearing by FCC, congressional reports and newspapers to consider historical implications of those three events that led the nationwide discussion on fairness over the political broadcast. The history of fairness issues of political broadcasting in the U.S. has always been the center of discussions and compared to the Japanese version of the fairness doctrine in Japan, where there is an on-going debate over the provision of broadcasting regulations now. Even though there are previous studies on the history of the fairness doctrine as well as the Equal Time Rule, few studies in Japan are emphasizing the implications of the Lar Daly decision and the related historical events. There is a handful of historical research on Lar Daly in the U.S. on the other hand; however, a majority of studies only briefly mentions the decision as a background history of the Equal Time Rule and the fairness doctrine. Nonetheless, the historical events related to the Lar Daly decision and Lar Daly’s ridiculous-sounded concepts of fairness presented the crucial problems and limitations that had been persisted from the beginning of implementations of the fairness doctrine as well as the Equal Time Rule in the U.S. Examining this history also unfolds that there have been miss conceptions about the fundamental problems led to 1949 FCC report implementing fairness doctrine as well as the basic idea of the Equal Time Rule in Japanese historical studies and legal studies. Thus, this study also attempts to spotlight on a side history of fairness debates over the political broadcast in the U.S. The history of the Lar Daly decision and surrounded historical events implicate that there are no perfect resolutions over fairness issues that everyone could agree and there have always been limitations on regulatory decisions regarding the political broadcast. This paper traces the history of how the U.S. policymakers coped one of the problematic but unique problems instigated by the Lar Daly case while revisiting the historical debates over fairness of a political broadcast.
「アメリカ公共放送史におけるFrieda Hennockの思想的遺産」『社会情報学』 5(2) 19 – 36 2016年
The purpose of this study is to re-evaluate the role of Frieda Hennock, first woman appointed in 1948 to the Federal Communications Commission. Particularly, this paper focuses on the motivation behind her promotion of educational broadcasting by analyzing her notes, letters, papers, and mimeographed speeches during her term in FCC. The origin of public broadcasting system in the United States can be traced back to the radio stations operated by the land-grant universities. These university-operated radio stations were later called educational broadcasting stations. In the 1930’s, the numbers of educational broadcasting stations diminished due to the rapid rise of commercial broadcasting networks. However, these educational broadcasting stations got some renewed attention from educators after World WarII, and there was an increasing demand for re-building educational broadcasting networks. These later became known as public broadcasting. Hennock undertook an important role in the development of U.S. broadcasting industries, and set the groundwork for the development of educational broadcasting. Hennock also tried to improve the gender balance in the industries. Although there are previous studies on her achievements in the United States, little is known about the significance of Hennock’s thoughts underlying her promotion of educational broadcasting. Moreover, Hennock’s role is not mentioned in the analysis of American public broadcasting history conducted in Japan. This study will contribute to an examination of Hennock’s philosophy and its relevance for today’s media industries, helping to fill a gap in media history of the U.S. and Japan.
「アメリカ放送発展史における非営利放送の役割」『比較文化研究』(日本比較文化学会) (118) 103 – 114 2015年10月
The purpose of this paper is to re-evaluate the role of non-profit broadcasting in American media history. Particularly, this paper focuses on the development of educational broadcasting within the United States. This paper also attempts to assess a vague but important concept of “public broadcasting” within the U.S. media history. The educational broadcasting in the U.S. became known as public broadcasting and developed differently from Japan’s approach to public broadcasting, where government centrally intervened in both broadcasting and education through the course of development. After WWⅡ, American educational broadcasting developed uniquely, shaping the dynamics of the non-profit media sector in the U.S., and changing the landscape of the American media. There, commercial industries expanded on the basis of the ideology of free market economy.
「アメリカ公共放送の理念 -放送における多様性の確保」 『論纂』(青森公立大学紀要) 1(1) 39 – 54 2015年9月
The purpose of this paper is to re-evaluate the history of American public broadcasting and its implications for the role of media in a society of diverse cultures today. Particularly this paper focuses on an important female political figure and two organizations that contributed to build the foundation for American public broadcasting. The educational broadcasting in the U.S. became known as public broadcasting and developed differently from Japan’s approach to public broadcasting, where government centrally intervened in both broadcasting and education through the course of development. After WWⅡ, American educational broadcasting developed as public broadcasting, shaping the dynamics of the non-profit media sector in the U.S., and changing the landscape of the American media. There, commercial industries expanded on the basis of ideology of free market economy. Through the course of its development, Frieda Hennock, first female appointed to Federal Communication Commission Commissioner, Ford Foundation and Carnegie Commission on Educational Television, took an important role in shaping the concept of American public broadcasting. Analyzing each of their roles on building foundation for American public broadcasting will provide insights by which to consider the basics of media industries in the wake of globalization.
Student paper… I will add detailed abstract later
Miscellaneous
「米国の放送史初期事情」渡辺武達・金山勉(編)『メディア用語基本事典第2版』(世界思想社、2019年)189 – 189
「第10章 アウトリーチと英語」「第11章 英語での会話」「第12章 自己紹介と対話」「第13章 英語でのプレゼンテーション」「第14章 付属資料」 『アウトリーチ実習』 (編者 石浦章一 ) 53 – 87 2018年8月
「放送の公平原則を超えて:F. Hennockの描いたアメリカの放送の未来(研究ノート)」『同志社アメリカ研究 』(53) 61 – 83 2017年3月
Presentation
Koichiro Shigaki, Makoto Sakai, “How Can We Best Share Collective Memories of Adversity with the World? – Case Studies on the Discourse of Controversial History, and the Significance of Archive and Museum Design,” JAHSS・JASID Joint International Conference 2019年11月16日 (於東京大学駒場)
“The popular comic book Heroine, the first female commissioner of FCC, & Unseen Feminism Movement in the 1930s to 1950’s,” International Association For Media and Communication Research, Madrid, Spain 2019年7月10日
本報告では、アメリカン・コミックのヒロイン、ワンダーウーマンの歴史、および連邦通信委員会委員フリーダ・へノックの事例をとりあげ、アメリカにおける運動の歴史を再検証する。一次、二次は確かに運動のピークであったが、その時代以外にもフェミニズムは存在し続けていた。現在はそれらの蓄積の結果である。一次、二次という捉え方が、歴史の連続性に対する見方を弱めた側面がある。
「自由と公正性:アメリカのメディア法制史」社会情報学会東北支部研究会 2019年3月16日(於東北大学)
[Presentation] How Can We Utilize Lessons from the Past? : The Nuclear Power Discourse in U.S. and Japanese Education,” Tomoko Kanayama, [Panel] From Hiroshima to Fukushima: Redesigning Communication Processes for Nuclear Crisis Tomoko Kanayama, Sakai Makoto, Ogawa Akiko, Tsuchiya Yuko, Koichiro Shigaki IAMCR 2018, Eugene, Oregon, USA 2018年6月20日
原爆や原発を巡るセンシティブな問題をいかにして扱うのか、どのようにして次の世代へ残していくのか、リスク・コミュニケーションに関わる問題について共同発表を行った。特に、原子力を巡る問題に関して、これまで何が言われてきたのか、教育の現場では何が教えられてきたのか、報告した。
「公平原則と平等時間の原則:アメリカの放送政策史再考」第16回早稲田・同志社合同判例研究会(於同志社大学)2018年3月(於同志社大学)
本報告では、平等時間の原則とアメリカの公平原則(FCCは1987年に公平原則政策を撤廃)の歴史を辿り、公平原則と平等時間の原則という性格の異なるFCCの指針や規則が、アメリカの公平性を巡る議論の方向性をどう決めたのか、改めてその歴史背景を検証した。
Harvard University, Radcliffe University, Schlesinger Library, Research Support Grant (2015) による研究成果を発表した。FCC委員の中では必ずしも評価されず、反映されなかったFrieda Hennockの放送・通信政策について一次資料を元に明らかにし、彼女の政策案から、規制などを含め現在のメディアの状況に関してどのような示唆が得られるかを論じた。
第一部『被災地から考える3.11とテレビ』出版報告会 「震災と報道をめぐるメディアスタディーズ」 2015年度第2回東北支部研究会 2016年3月5日 (於東北大学)
「アメリカ初の女性FCC委員フリーダ・へノックとアメリカの放送 」第49回アメリカ学会年次大会 (平成27年6月 於国際基督教大学) 2015年6月6日
本報告では、第二次世界対戦後、アメリカの放送の発展に重要な役割を果たし、アメリカ女性初のFCC委員を務めたFrieda Hennockの思想・行動の再評価を試みた。そのことを通して、彼女のアメリカの放送の発展に果たした役割が、女性の視点を放送界へ取り込んだフェミニズム上の問題にとどまらず、アメリカ社会に普遍的に存在する異質と多様性の問題へと切り込んでいたことを報告した。
「アメリカと日本の放送における教育概念」社会情報学会東北支部研究会 2015年3月(於新潟大学)
本発表では、後に公共放送組織へと発展するアメリカの大学放送局および教育放送局設立の経緯を概観するとともに、これまでの日本の教育放送の歴史を辿った。また日米の教育概念が、いかに位置付けられてきたかを明らかにし、今日の放送メディアの状況と教育をめぐる思想の間に、どのような関係があるのか報告した。
後に公共放送組織へと発展するアメリカの非営利教育放送網の形成に、フォード財団などの外部組織がどう関わったのか、また、その後の公共放送組織の理念にどう影響したのかを報告し、今後の課題について検討した。
「米国における放送概念の教育的ルーツ」2014年度社会情報学会(SSI) 学会大会 2014年9月(於京都大学)
アメリカの放送は、大学の運営していた放送局が基になっており、放送の教育的利用を土台として発展してきた。本報告では、この史実ら、教育的ルーツから発展した思想が、アメリカにおける放送の発展に果たした役割について論じた。また、今後の研究課題を検討した。
「放送は『知識の共有(Education)』だった:米国非営利メディア発展史再考」社会情報学会東北支部研究発表会 2014年3月 (於東北大学)
博士課程で実施した研究成果の一部を報告した。また、今後のメディア研究あるいは情報学に関わる分野において、メディア組織の形成に関わった人々、および情報発信に関わった人の思想や理念を、歴史資料を下に検証し、さらにその結果を今日の状況と照らし合わせて検証していくことの重要性を論じた。
「米国型商業ラジオ放送の発展と非営利教育ラジオ放送—米国のラジオ放送発展期の再検討」第233回メディア史研究会 2013年10月(於日本大学)
米国におけるラジオ放送黄金期の1920年代から1940年代の歴史を再検証し、その成果を発表した。
「米国ラジオ放送史の再検証と、インターネット時代におけるその意義 —米国の情報を巡る権力と権利の相克に着目して」2013年度社会情報学会・学会大会 2013年9月 (於早稲田大学)
アメリカの非営利メディアの歴史に関する研究において、ラジオ放送発展期から成熟するまでの歴史を検証し、その成果を発表した。
米国で、「アクセス放送」が成立している背景に以下の点が存在することを示した。1)多様な人々の視点をどうメディアに反映させるかという議論が学術的、社会的に盛んであった。2)市場を優先するメディア企業の弊害に対し、行政側が制限を加えることがあること。以上の内容に加えて、米国のメディア・アーツ・センターやパブリック・アクセスに関連した組織の現状について報告した。
Rewards & Competitive Funds
IT時代の米国公共放送: 情報媒体の転換期における理念・制度・運営態勢の変化、R(令和)2~R5、総額290万円
アメリカ女性史・放送史におけるFrieda Hennockの思想と行動の再評価、H29~H31、総額273万円
平成27年度公益財団法人放送文化基金・人文社会・文化部門助成金
「米国における公共放送理念の形成過程に関する研究 -Ford 財団の関与を中心に–」90万円
平成26年度公益財団法人放送文化基金・人文社会・文化部門助成金
「東日本大震災におけるテレビ報道と被災者に関する研究」共同プロジェクト代表 135万円
Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Studies, Schlesinger Library Research Support Grants
Harvard University, Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Studies, Schlesinger Library Research Support Grants, “Re-evaluating Philosophy of Frieda Hennock Behind Promoting Educational Broadcasting: Its Implications for Media’s Role in the Society of Diverse Cultures Today” 2015-2016, $2700
2011年度 社団法人日米協会 米国研究助成プログラム2011
“Who finance the Media Arts Center and for What Purpose?-A Study on Philosophical and Management Foundation of Public Support for Citizens’ Media Creation in the U. S” 米国研究助成金 $3500
Others
- 社会情報学会東北支部研究会発表会・シンポジウム・コーディネーター(2014年9月)
- 都仙台コンソーシアム・復興大学・復興人材育成コース講義撮影・編集補助(2012年6月〜2014年12月まで)
- 京都メディア懇話会講演会、第24回京都メディア懇話会月例研究会「アメリカの放送の過去、現在、未来」(2017年11月)
- 社会情報学会 社会情報学会誌論文査読(2018年9月)
- テレビ朝日、羽鳥モーニングショー、アメリカ合衆国ウエザー専門チャンネルに関するコメント(2018年11月)
- 日本マス・コミュニケーション学会英文雑誌編集委員(2018年4月〜2019年7月)